Estar + participio pasado (Estar + Past Participle)
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While you have already seen different uses of the verb estar, now you will see the construction estar + past participle, which in Spanish is commonly used to express a resultant state or condition. It emphasizes the outcome of an action rather than the action itself.
Formation
The structure consists of the verb estar conjugated in the appropriate form + a past participle. Let’s revise the conjugation of estar in the present tense:
Su bject Pr onoun | Singular Form | Subject Pronoun | Plural Form | |
1ra persona | Yo | estoy | Nosotras/os/es | estamos |
2da persona | Tú Vos Usted | estás estás está | Ustedes Vosotras/os/es | están estáis |
3ra persona | Ella/él/elle | está | Ellas/os/es | están |
Let’s explore the second part of the structure now, the past participle:
- A past participle is a verb form that functions as an adjective and must agree in gender and number with the noun it modifies.
-AR verbs → Replace "-ar" with "-ado"
- (comprar) = Los boletos están comprados 🎟️💰 (The tickets are bought).
-ER / -IR verbs → Replace "-er" or "-ir" with "-ido"
- (vender) = El concierto está completamente vendido. 🔊👩🏻🎤(The concert is completely sold out.)
- (vivir) = Las experiencias están vividas 🌍 🧳 (The experiences are lived).
Here are some past participles with regular forms:
encender / prender | encendido/a/s prendido/a/s | Las luces están encendidas/prendidas. 💡 (The lights are on.) |
apagar | apagado/a/s | Las luces están apagadas. 💡 (The lights are off.) |
decorar | decorado/a/s | El estudio de grabación está decorado. 🎤 (The recording studio is decorated.) |
organizar | organizado/a/s | El evento está organizado. 📅 (The event is organized.) |
diseñar | diseñado/a/s | La coreografía está diseñada. 🕺 ( The choreography is designed.) |
preparar | preparado | Los auditorios están preparados. 🎭 (The auditoriums are prepared.) |
leer | leído/a/s | La partitura está leída. 🎼 (The music sheet/score is read.) |
There are some past participles that have irregular forms:
Verbo | Participio | Ejemplo con "estar" |
abrir | abierto/a/s | El auditorio está abierto. 🚪( The auditorium is open. ) |
cubrir | cubierto/a/s | El escenario está cubierto de nieve. ❄️ ( The stage is covered in snow. ) |
decir | dicho/a/s | Eso está dicho. 🗣️ ( That is said. ) |
descubrir | descubierto/a/s | El error está descubierto. ⚠️🔍 ( The mistake is discovered. ) |
escribir | escrito/a/s | La canción está escrita. 📄✍️ ( The song is written. ) |
hacer | hecho/a/s | El autorretrato está hecho. 🪞 ( The self-portrait is made. ) |
morir | muerto/a/s | La planta está muerta. 🌿❌ ( The plant is dead. ) |
poner | puesto/a/s | Los documentos están puestos en la mesa. 📄📌 ( The documents are placed on the table. ) |
resolver | resuelto/a/s | El problema está resuelto. ⚠️ ( The problem is solved. ) |
romper | roto/a/s | El pincel está roto. 🖌️ ( The brush is broken. ) |