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table of contents
  1. Title page
  2. Capital
  3. Editor's Note to the First American Edition
  4. I. To the First Edition
  5. II. To the Second Edition
  6. Editor's Preface—To the First English Translation
  7. Editor's Preface—To the Fourth German Edition
  8. Chapter I.—Commodities
  9. Chapter II.—Exchange
  10. Chapter III.—Money, or the Circulation of Commodities
  11. Chapter IV.—The General Formula for Capital
  12. Chapter V.—Contradictions in the General Formula of Capital
  13. Chapter VI.—The Buying and Selling of Labour-Power
  14. Chapter VII. The Labour Process and the Process of producing Surplus-Value
  15. Chapter VIII. Constant Capital and Variable Capital
  16. Chapter IX. The Rate of Surplus-Value
  17. Chapter X. The Working-Day
  18. Chapter XI. Rate and Mass of Surplus-Value
  19. Chapter XII. The Concept of Relative Surplus-Value
  20. Chapter XIII. Co-Operation
  21. Chapter XIV. Division of Labour and Manufacture
  22. Chapter XV. Machinery and Modern Industry
  23. Chapter XVI.—Absolute and Relative Surplus-Value
  24. Chapter XVII.—Changes of Magnitude in the Price of Labour-Power and in Surplus-Value
  25. Chapter XVIII.—Various Formulæ for the Rate of Surplus-Value
  26. Chapter XIX.—The Transformation of the Value (and respectively the Price) of Labour-Power into Wages
  27. Chapter XX.—Time-Wages
  28. Chapter XXI.—Piece-Wages
  29. Chapter XXII.—National Differences of Wages
  30. Chapter XXIII.—Simple Reproduction
  31. Chapter XXIV.—Conversion of Surplus-Value into Capital
  32. Chapter XXV.—The General Law of Capitalist Accumulation
  33. Chapter XXVI.—The Secret of Primitive Accumulation
  34. Chapter XXVII.—Expropriation of the Agricultural Population from the Land
  35. Chapter XXVIII.—Bloody Legislation against the Expropriated from the End of the 15th Century. Forcing down of Wages by Acts of Parliament
  36. Chapter XXIX.—Genesis of the Capitalist Farmer
  37. Chapter XXX.—Reaction of the Agricultural Revolution on Industry. Creation of the Home Market for Industrial Capital
  38. Chapter XXXI.—Genesis of the Industrial Capitalist
  39. Chapter XXXII.—Historical Tendency of Capitalistic Accumulation
  40. Chapter XXXIII.—The Modern Theory of Colonization
  41. Works and Authors quoted in "Capital"
    1. The Querist
    2. Manifest der Kommunistischen Partei
    3. Works
    4. Leviathan
  42. Index
  43. About

INDEX.

A

  • Abstinence, two kinds of, 650.
  • Absurdities of vulgar economy, 180, 205 note, 241 note, 249, 352, 489, 658, 654, 655, 666, 669, 701, 839, 841.
  • Accumulation of capital, its concept, 634; not identical with hoarding, 645; at a faster rate than increase of population increases wages, 678; means increase of profetariat, 674; means concentration of capital and labourers, 685; causes a relative overpopulation (industrial reserve army), 691; its absolute general law, 707; its general law illustrated, 711-717; degrades the labourer, 727-733; primitive, its secret, 784; promoted by public debt, 827; see also Capitalist Accumulation.
  • Additions to the text of the fourth German edition of “Capital,” 32.
  • Adulteration of commodities, 194, 274, 277.
  • Agricultural laborers’ misery in England, 719, 739-773, 779.
  • Agricultural revolution in England, 778, 788-805; its reaction on industry, 817.
  • American Civil War centralised capital, 847; stimulated improvements in cotton machinery, 473.
  • Animals and plants transformed by a continuous process of labor, 202.
  • Antagonism between capitalists and laborers, 363.
  • Aristotle lacked a concept of value, 69.

B

  • Barter, direct, its development, 100.
  • Bentham’s dogma of a fixed wage fund, 668
  • Burke's observation of compensation of differences in co-operative labor, 354.

C

  • “Capital,” the Bible of the working class, 30
  • Capital, first, money-capital, 163; its circulation without limits, 170; contradictions in its general formula, 178; merchant’s and money-lender’s does not create any new value, 183; problem of its production posed, 184; its creation accomplished, 217; constant, 232; variable, 283; dead labor sucking living labor, 257; squanders labor power, 581; means command over unpaid labor, 585; not increased by non-consumption, 646; its technical and organic composition, 672; see also Value.
  • Capitalist, creates no surplus-value, 638; his individual consumption robs accumulation, 649; Faustian conflict in his breast, 651; net interested in value, but in surplus-value, 351; in the labor-process, 205.
  • Capitalist, industrial, his genesis, 822; a lover of force, 824, 826.
  • Capitalist Accumulation, its phases reviewed, 640; its historical tendencies, 834-837.
  • Capitalist Argument, to conceal true nature of labor process, 218; against ten hours’ day, 240.
  • Capitalist Co-operation differs from antique co-operation, 367.
  • Capitalist Era, its beginning, 787.
  • Capitalist View of production of commodities individualistic, 642.
  • Capitalist Production, a production of surplus-value, 558; based on man’s dominion over nature, 563; begets class-struggle, 688; means anarchy in social division of labor and despotism in the workshop, 391.
  • Capitalists, denouncing one another, 601; preventing one another from obeying laws, 537.
  • Centralisation, its difference from concentration, 686.
  • Changes in the original plan of “Capital,”
  • Child Labor in England, 268, 284-289, 610, 511.
  • Circulation, sweating money, 127; not a source of surplus-valne, 177.
  • Classic Economy never understood the process of reproduction, 665, note; see also Political Economy.
  • Class-Struggles between creditors debtors in antiquity, 162.
  • Coin as money, 140.
  • Colonisation, its modern theory, 838; independent labor its obstacle, 840; on a capitalist basis impossible without wage-labor, 843; uncovers secret of capitalist accumulation, 848.
  • Commodities, defined, 41; their fetishism, 81; their exchange, 96; explaining their own nature, 95; their relation to their owners, 97; their circulation, 106; their metamorphosis, 116; differentiated from gold, 117; in love with money, 121, their complete metamorphosis, 125.
  • Condition of Political Economy in 1848, 17-19
  • Constant Capital, see Capital.
  • Co-operation, based on division of labor typical of manufacturing period, 369; implies concentration of labor and capital, 862; in antiquity, 366; of machinery, 414; under capitalism develops despotism, 364.
  • Co-operative Labor different in from individual labor, 357.
  • Corvée, abuse of, 261.
  • Cost-Price, 589.
  • Cotton Industry, promoted slave breeding industry, 485.
  • Credit-System, helps centralisation, 687; grows with national debt, 828
  • Crises, cycle of, 31; see also Over-Population, Accumulation, Money, Machinery, Stock Exchange Gambling.
  • Crusoe, Robinson, in political economy, 88

D

  • Death from over-work, 280.
  • Death Rate increased by capitalist production, 282, 434, 435, 510.
  • Debt, Public, a lever of primitive accumulation, 827.
  • Degeneration of laborer, 270,
  • Degradation of laborer by capitalism, 727, 729, 731, 733, 736, 737, 832.
  • Difference between English and American edition of “Capital,” 9.
  • Diseases caused by capitalist exploitation, 270, 610, 511, 721, 727, 729, 731.
  • Division of Labor, necessary for production of commodities, 49; not based on

production of commodities, 49; under manufacture explained, 371; in manufacture and society compared, 385; fatal to free citizenship, 389; in guilds, 394; its stupefying effect on the laborer, 897; increases capitalist authority, 391; in Indian communities, 393; make automaton of laborer, 396.

  • Domestic Industry, Modern, 509; employs women and children, 510, 611; cause of overcrowding, 512; an industrial reserve force, 524.

E

  • Economy in constant capital through co-operative labor, 355.
  • Emigration of laborers meets opposition of masters, 629.
  • Engels, his additional work on “Capital,” 82; his ridicule of Malthus, 696.
  • Epochs, Economic, distinguished by tools, 200
  • Equivalent, see Value.
  • Exchange, illustrated, 118; a double process, 122.
  • Exchange Value defined and explained, 48; see also Production and Value.
  • Excrements of production, 663,
  • Experiments, made to intensify labor, 449; in labor legislation made at the expense

of the laborers, 539.

  • Exports refute wage fund theory, 670.
  • Extinction of English handloom weavers, 471.

F

  • Factory, modern, described, 457-466,
  • Factory Acts, hasten industrial revolution, 514, 519, 521, 522; circumvented, 265; a curb on the greed for surplus-labor, 263; their effect on sanitation and education in England, 526; regarded as an interference with the rights of capital, 535; hasten concentration of capital, 552.
  • Factory Acts Extension Acts, sphere embraced by them, 540; spoil Factory Acts, 541.
  • Factory System, ruining handicrafts and manufacture, 492-493; its effect on English cotton industry, 497-501; its enormous power of expansion, 495; its reaction on handicrafts, manufacture, and domestic industries, 502-505.
  • Family, its transformation under capitalist production, 511-514.
  • Farmer, Capitalist, his genesis, 814.
  • Force, an element in primitive accumulation, 809; the midwife of social revolution, 824.
  • Forecast of events by averages, 227.
  • Freedom, Equality, and Bentham, 196.
  • French revolution abolished laborer’s right of association, 813.

G

  • Gladatone, hia contradictory speech, 716.
  • Gold and Silver, natural money, 102; differences in mining, 160 note; their different weight as a standard of price and medium of circulation, 141; see also Metal.
  • Guilds, medieval, tried to prevent trade masters from becoming capitalists, 837.

H

  • Handicraft, skill an obstacle to capitalist discipline, 403; revolutionised by modern industry, see Machinery.
  • Hegel’s dialectics invented by Marx, 25, 26; law of transformation of quantity into quality, 338.
  • Hoarding, see Money.
  • Home-Market, conquered by modern industry, 821.

I

  • Ideas reflexes of the real world, 91.
  • Industrial Reserve Army, caused by accumulation of capital, 591; a necessary condition of capitalist production, 693; a regulator of wages, 699; a check upon the emancipation of labor, 701.
  • Industry, Modern, revolutionises agriculture, 553, 778, 788-805; revolutionises handicrafts and manufacture, see Machinery and Accumulation; annihilates peasant, 554; breaks power of resistance of agricultural laborer, 655; increases public debts and taxation, 830.
  • Interest, not analyzed in volume I; see volume III
  • International spread of “Capital,” 30.
  • Internationalism of capitalist production, see World Market.
  • Invention causes more invention, 419.
  • Inventions of handicraft period, 382.

J

  • June Insurrection in France, its effect on ruling class of England, 313.
  • Justice of capitalism illustrated, 726.
  • Justification of the phrase “value of labor,” 592.

L

  • Labor, the common property of commodities, 44; its twofold character, 48; simple average labor in the abstract, 61; skilled, reduced to simple average labor. 51, 52; the cause of the fetishism of commodities, 83; its social character, 84; homogeneous, the secret of social production, 85; in free communities, 90; its property transformed into capitalist property, 140; skilled and unskilled, their difference in value, 220; necessary, 240; has no value, 588; separated from property, 640; co-operative, see Co-Operation; surplus, see Surplus-Labor.
  • Labor Fund, its relation to capital, 622.
  • Labor Laws in England, from the 14th to the 17th century, 290-304; from 1833-1864, 304-330.
  • Labor-Power, general property of labor-Process, 57; bought and sold, 185; a commodity, 186; its value determined, 189; minimum limit of its value, 192; advanced to the capitalist, 193; produces more value than it has itself, 216; its value determined by average necessities of life 568; three laws of determining its value, 569.
  • Labor-Process, explained, 203; a productive process, 557.
  • Labor Time, a standard measure of value, 45; socially necessary, 46; its assertion as a social law, 86; regulated by competition, 379.
  • Laborer, the free, 187; his demand for a normal use of his labor-power, 258; a specialised implement in division of labor, 372; the collective, 383; feeds himself and the capitalist, 621; his productive and individual consumption, 626-628.
  • Land, first used as money in the 17th century, 101.
  • Law, concerning issue of paper money, 143; of population explained, 681; of value in its international application, 612; of value in general, see Value.
  • Legislation against expropriated in England, 805-808, 810-814; in France, 808, 813.
  • Leisure, nature’s gift to primitive man, 665.
  • Limits of Compensation of rate and mass of surplus-value, 333; see also Surplus-Value.

M

  • Machine, collective, 415; a product of modern industry, 418.
  • Machinery, its difference from tools, 405; not a means of shortening labor time under capitalism, 405; uses more tools than man, 408; the starting point of industrial revolution, 410; more exact than skilled labor, 420; its giant power, 421; differences in its wear and tear, 423; ita capacity for speed, 425; its Productivity, 427; substituted for half-time laborers, 429; increases female and child labor, 400; develops slave trade in white children, 432; increases death rate among laborers, 434; undermines morality, 435, 436; prevents education of children, 437-439; prolongs working day, 440; its twofold wear and tear, 441; its moral depreciation, 442; increases relative surplus-value, 443; reduces variable capital relatively, 444; intensifies contradictions of capitalist production, 445; in antiquity lightened labor, 446; intensifies exploitation, 447; fought by laborers, 467; its use forbidden by law, 467-468; increases profits, 476; does not compensate working people for loss of employment, 479, 481; lowers consumption of commodities, 480; under capitalism and in a free society compared, 482; in one industry increases production in another, 484; animate and inanimate, 631.
  • Malthus, his queer division of labor between accumulating and spending exploiters, 653; his “Essay on Population,” 675; his “Principles of Political Economy,” 696.
  • Malthnsianism exploded, 676, note.
  • Mandeville’s Fable of the Bees, 674.
  • Manufacture, its twofold rise, 369, 370; its two fundamental forms, 375; its narrow technical basis, 404; modern, in operation, 506-509; ruined by machinery, see Machinery.
  • Mass, of profit, see Profit; of surplus-value, see Surplus-Value.
  • Market, see Home-Market and World-Market.
  • Marx's method explained by himself, 12, 15, 21, 22, 24, 25; method of quotation, 30, 33; quotation from Gladstone vindicated, 34-39.
  • Materialist Conception of History, 15, 22,
  • Means of Production, necessary for reproduction, 620; see also Constant Capital.
  • Mercantilists and Free Traders, their misconception of value, 70.
  • Metal, ita weight in silver and copper arbitrarily fixed by law, 142; see also Gold, Silver, and Money.
  • Mill, John Stuart, his superiority over the mercantilists, 566; his misinterpretation of profits, 567; his excessive generalisations, 567; an apologist of the wage fund theory, 669.
  • Mind, Human, operating on materials, after the fact, 87.
  • Mines’ Inspection Act, a dead letter, 642; farce of questioning witnesses, 543-551,
  • Misery of British industrial proletariat, 718.
  • Modern Industry, see Industry, Machinery, and Accumulation.
  • Money, the universal equivalent, 99; its magic, 105; a measure of value, 106; wild theories of, 108; its two functions as a measure of value and a standard of price, 109; historical origin of its names, 112; its currency, 128; keeps up the continuity of circulation, 130; ita change of place in simple circulation, 131; effect of its rise or fall on the prices of commodities, 132; its quantity in circulation determined by volume of production, 134; its currency a reflex of circulation of commodities, 132; its quantity determined by sum of prices and velocity of exchange, 137; mutual compensation of factors in its currency, 138; erroneous opinion concerning determination of its quantity in circulation, 139; paper, symbolising gold and silver, 144; replaced by tokens, 146; hoarding of, 146; buried by Hindoos, 147; its power, 148; bounds of its efficacy, 149; a means of payment, 151; development of special institutions for its payment, 154; its contradictory character expressed through crises, 155; its rise as a means of credit, 156; universal, 159; reserve, 161; its transformation into capital, 163; the beginning and end of value, 172; its international value, 613; probable form of its primitive accumulation, 623.
  • Moore, Samuel, and Aveling, Edward, translators of the first volume of "Capital," 27, 28.
  • Morality, of capitalism illustrated, 265, 273, 274, 278, 279, 287, 292, 294, 302, 311, 319, 321, 389, 3%, 446, 725; of working people destroyed by capitalism, 283, 432, 433, 485, 436, 501, 507, 508.
  • Mysteries of trades, 532.

N

  • National Debt, see Debt.
  • Natural forces cost capital nothing, 422.
  • Nature, the basis of the labor-process, 199, 201, 227, 230; its two economic classes, 562; and labor-power primary wealth creators, 662.
  • Night Work opposed by laborers, 277.
  • Nomad Races the first to develop the money form, 101.

O

  • Original Plan of "Capital," 7.
  • Over-Crowding of laborer by capitalism, 728, 729, 731.
  • Over-Population, Relative, caused by accumulation of capital, 691; its different forms, 703.
  • Over-Production, see Over-Population, Accumulation, Industrial Reserve Army, and Machinery.
  • Over-Time paid extra, 598.
  • Over-Work shortening life, 270, 272, 275, 279.

P

  • Pauperism a form of relative over-population, 706.
  • Physiocrats, consider only agricultural labor as productive, 559; their Tableau Economique, 647.
  • Piece Wages, a converted form of time wages, 602; irrationality of their form, 604; their characteristic peculiarities, 605; a form of the sweating system, 606; compared with time wages, 607; in vogue since the 14th century, 608; the general rule under the Factory Acts, 609; lowered in proportion as the number of prices increases, 610; see also Wages.
  • Plato's Republic on division of labor, 402.
  • Political Economy, as a science a product of manufacturing period, 400; in antiquity dwells most on use-value and quality, 401; classic, could not explain price or value, 589, 590; stuck in its bourgeois skin, 694; its condition in 1848, 17, 19; vulgar, see Absurdities.
  • Precious Metals, their increase accompanied by a fall in prices, 133; see also Metal, Money, Gold, and Silver.
  • Price, the money-form of commodities, 107; its fluctuations explained, 111; the money-name of labor, 114; without value, 115; affected by changes in labor time, 120; of products of handicrafts and machinery compared, 426.
  • Productivity, its effect on value, 53; depends on proficiency of laborer and perfection of tools, 374; declared to be no concern of the laborer's, 611.
  • Production and Reproduction without "abstinence," 656.
  • Production of commodities converted into capitalist production, 648.
  • Production of use-value and exchange value compared, 218; see also Exchange Value and Use-Value.
  • Profit, according to classic economy, 626; not analyzed in volume I, see volume III.
  • Property, its different forms, 89.
  • Protective Legislation for children benefits also the adult, 538.
  • Protestantism changed holidays into working days, 303 note.
  • Public Auction of children, 433,
  • Public Debt, see Debt.
  • Public Opinion a tool of capitalists, 632,
  • Purchase, the second metamorphosis of commodities, 123.

Q

  • Quesnay's Riddle for vulgar economists, 851

R

  • Railway System encourages short orders, 623.
  • Rate of Profit, not analysed in volume I; see volume III.
  • Rate of Surplus-Value, see Surplus-Value.
  • Raw Materials supplied by nature are not capital, 661.
  • Reception of "Capital" in Germany, 20.
  • Reduction of labor time under capitalism produces intensification of exploitation, 456.
  • Relay System, 282.
  • Religion a reflex of the real world, 91.
  • Rent, not analysed in volume I; see volume III
  • Reproduction, see Capitalist Production.
  • Reserve Army, Industrial, created by modern industry, 533; see also Industrial Reserve Army, Accumulation, and Machinery.
  • Revolution, see Capitalist Production, Agricultural Revolution, Factory System, and Industry.
  • Ricardo, his insufficient analysis of value, 92, 666; his three laws of value, 569-573; his errors, 574.
  • Rodbertus, his own detractor, 583.
  • Roman Empire, its failure to collect all contributions in money, 157.
  • Roscher's nursery economics, 355, note.
  • Rumford's receipts for cheap living, 659.

S

  • Sale, the first metamorphosis of commodities, 119.
  • Schools, technical and agricultural, 534.
  • Self-earned Money of capitalists, 637.
  • Sentimentality in economics, 192.
  • Silver, see Gold, Metal, and Money.
  • Slave Labor is unpaid labor, 691.
  • Smith, Adam, contended that additional capital is consumed by laborer, 646; supposed that social capital was only variable capital, 647.
  • Social Laws, mistaken by bourgeois for natural laws, 98, 709; evolved by natural processes, 373.
  • Soul of Capital, surplus-value, 257.
  • Speculation, see Stock Exchange Gambling.
  • Stock Companies 4 means of centralisation, 68.
  • Stock Exchange Gambling promoted by public debt, 827.
  • Sunday Work, 278; double standard of justice in regard to it, 291, note,
  • Superintendence creates no value, 215.
  • Supply and Demand no explanation for value or price, 689; used and abused by capitalists, 702.
  • Surplus-Labor, 241; not invented by capital, 259; its intermediate forms, 559; its natural basis, 661; appears as paid labor, 591.
  • Surplus-Product, its concept, 635; becomes property of capitalist by virtue of laws of commodity production, 642.
  • Surplus-Value, absolute, its concept, 345, 559; its production, 197; the end of capitalist production, 207; its rate, 235; calculation of its rate, 242; produced only by variable capital, 237; its rate mass, 331; its mass varies in direct proportion to the variable capital, 335; relative, its concept, 1342, 546, 559; explained in detail, 347; three laws determining its magnitude, 569; its nature concealed by capitalist production, 585; converted into capital, 636; divided into capital and revenue, 648.
  • Survival of the Fittest among agricultural laborers of England, 296.
  • Symbols of money and commodities, 103.

T

  • Tableau Economique, see Physiocrats.
  • Taxation a product of national loans, 829.
  • Taxes payable in kind a means of preserving the old order, 158.
  • Terminology of “Capital” explained, 29.
  • Time Wages, 594; see also Wages.
  • Trade Unions desire to share benefits of improved machinery, 611, note.
  • Traffic in human flesh, 294.
  • Transition from manufacture to machine production, its different forms, 517.

U

  • Unemployed, parade in Landon, 736; see also Over-Population and Machinery.
  • Unproductive Laborers, their increase, 487.
  • Ure, denouncing law for reduction of labor time as a retrogression, 299.
  • Use-Value, defined and explained, 42; without exchange value, 47, 48; as quality compared to exchange-value as quantity, 52, 53; see also Value and Production.

V

  • Value, its substance and form, 41-96; crystallised human labor, 45; by labor time illustrated, 47; as a relation and an equivalent, 56; equivalent form illustrated, 58; relative and absolute compared, 63; its elementary form, 71; its expanded relative form, 72; its particular equivalent form, 73; defects of its expanded form, 74; its general form, 76; interdependent development of its forms, 78; its transition from the general to the money form, 79; its creation explained, 208; how transferred to the product in production, 992: of constant capital transferred to the product, 234; represented by different parts of the product, 245; of commodities in inverse ratio to productivity, 350; surplus, see Surplus-Value; in use, see Use Value; exchange, see Exchange Value.
  • Variable Capital, see Capital.
  • Vulgar Economy, see Ahsurdities.

W

  • Wage Laborer, his incessant reproduction the indispensable condition of capitalist production, 625.
  • Wages, the price of labor-power, 586; nominal rise may be actual fall, 579; not equal to full value of product, 587; their variations, 695; lower with longer working hours, 699; compared internationally, 614, 615; do not rise or fall in proportion as productivity varies, 616; their forcible reduction a means of accumulation, 657; their general movement regulated by industrial reserve army, 699; regulated by laws of distribution of population, 700; see also Piece Wages, Time Wages, and Variable Capital.
  • Wage Fund, according to Bentham, 668; according to Fawcett, 669.
  • Water and Wind as motive powers, 411.
  • Watt's genius shown by proclaiming the universality of the steam engine, 412.
  • Wealth, National, measured by relative magnitude of surplus produce, 254; its primary creators labor-power and land, 662
  • Work, unsanitary, a source of disease, 271
  • Working Day, indeterminate, 256; capitalist idea of, 290; summary of its two historical stages in England, 326-330.
  • World-Market, 828-834.

X

  • Xenophon’s bourgeois instinct shown by his idea of division of labor, 402.

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