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table of contents
  1. Title page
  2. Capital
  3. Editor's Note to the First American Edition
  4. I. To the First Edition
  5. II. To the Second Edition
  6. Editor's Preface—To the First English Translation
  7. Editor's Preface—To the Fourth German Edition
  8. Chapter I.—Commodities
  9. Chapter II.—Exchange
  10. Chapter III.—Money, or the Circulation of Commodities
  11. Chapter IV.—The General Formula for Capital
  12. Chapter V.—Contradictions in the General Formula of Capital
  13. Chapter VI.—The Buying and Selling of Labour-Power
  14. Chapter VII. The Labour Process and the Process of producing Surplus-Value
  15. Chapter VIII. Constant Capital and Variable Capital
  16. Chapter IX. The Rate of Surplus-Value
  17. Chapter X. The Working-Day
  18. Chapter XI. Rate and Mass of Surplus-Value
  19. Chapter XII. The Concept of Relative Surplus-Value
  20. Chapter XIII. Co-Operation
  21. Chapter XIV. Division of Labour and Manufacture
  22. Chapter XV. Machinery and Modern Industry
  23. Chapter XVI.—Absolute and Relative Surplus-Value
  24. Chapter XVII.—Changes of Magnitude in the Price of Labour-Power and in Surplus-Value
  25. Chapter XVIII.—Various Formulæ for the Rate of Surplus-Value
  26. Chapter XIX.—The Transformation of the Value (and respectively the Price) of Labour-Power into Wages
  27. Chapter XX.—Time-Wages
  28. Chapter XXI.—Piece-Wages
  29. Chapter XXII.—National Differences of Wages
  30. Chapter XXIII.—Simple Reproduction
  31. Chapter XXIV.—Conversion of Surplus-Value into Capital
  32. Chapter XXV.—The General Law of Capitalist Accumulation
  33. Chapter XXVI.—The Secret of Primitive Accumulation
  34. Chapter XXVII.—Expropriation of the Agricultural Population from the Land
  35. Chapter XXVIII.—Bloody Legislation against the Expropriated from the End of the 15th Century. Forcing down of Wages by Acts of Parliament
  36. Chapter XXIX.—Genesis of the Capitalist Farmer
  37. Chapter XXX.—Reaction of the Agricultural Revolution on Industry. Creation of the Home Market for Industrial Capital
  38. Chapter XXXI.—Genesis of the Industrial Capitalist
  39. Chapter XXXII.—Historical Tendency of Capitalistic Accumulation
  40. Chapter XXXIII.—The Modern Theory of Colonization
  41. Works and Authors quoted in "Capital"
    1. The Querist
    2. Manifest der Kommunistischen Partei
    3. Works
    4. Leviathan
  42. Index
  43. About

Works

of the Late

Doctor Benjamin Franklin:

Consisting of

His Life, Written by Himself,

Together with

Essays, Humorous, Moral, & Literary,

Chiefly in the Manner of

The Spectator.

―Dublin:―

Printed for P. Wogan, P. Byrne, J. Moore, and W. Jones.


1793.



Preface.


The volume that is here preſented to the Public, consists of two parts: the Life of Dr. Franklin; and a Collection of Miſcellaneous Eſſays, the work of that author.

It is already known to many, that Dr. Franklin amuſed himself, towards the cloſe of his life, with writing memoirs of his own hiſtory. Theſe memoirs were brought down to the year 1757. Together with ſome other manuſcripts they were left behind him at his death, and were conſidered as conſtituting a part of his poſthumous property. It is a little extraordinary that, under theſe circumſtances, intereſting as they are, from the celebrity of the character of which they treat, and from the critical ſituation of the preſent times, they ſhould ſo long have been with-held from the Public. A tranſlation of them appeared in France near two years ago, coming down to the year 1731. There can be no ſufficient reason, that what has thus been ſubmitted to the peruſal of Europe, ſhould not be made acceſſible to thoſe to whom Dr. Franklin's language is native. The hiſtory of his life, as far as page 149 of the present volume, is tranſlated from that publication.

The ſtyle of these memoirs is uncommonly pleaſing. The ſtory is told with the most unreſerved ſincerity, and without any falſe colouring or ornament. We ſee, in every page, that the author examined his ſubject with the eye of a maſter, and related no incidents, the ſprings and origin of which he did not perfectly underſtand. It is this that gives such exquiſite and uncommon perſpicuity to the detail and delight in the review. The translator has endeavoured, as he went along, to conceive the probable manner in which Dr. Franklin expreſſed his ideas in his English manuscript, and he hopes to be forgiven if this enquiry ſhall occasionally have ſubjected him to the charge of a ſtyle in any reſpect bald or low: to imitate the admirable ſimplicity of the author, is no eaſy taſk.

The Eſſays, which are now, for the firſt time, brought together from various reſources, will be found to be more miſcellaneous than any of Dr. Franklin’s that have formerly been collected, and will therefore be more generally amuſing. Dr. Franklin tells us, in his Life, that he was an aſſiduous imitator of Addiſon, and from ſome of these papers it will be admitted that he was not an unhappy one. The public will be amuſed with following a great philoſopher in his relaxations, and observing in what reſpects philoſophy tends to elucidate and improve the most common ſubjects. The editor has purpoſely avoided ſuch papers as, by their ſcientifical nature, were leſs adapted for general peruſal. Theſe he may probably hereafter publiſh in a volume by themſelves.

He ſubjoins a letter from the late celebrated and amiable Dr. Price, to a gentleman in Philadelphia, upon, the ſubject of Dr. Franklin's memoirs of his own life.

"Hackney, June 19, 1790.

⁠"DEAR SIR,

"I am hardly able to tell you how kindly I take the letters with which you favour me. Your laſt, containing an account of the death of our excellent friend Dr. Franklin, and the circumſtances attending it, deſerves my particular gratitude. The account which he has left of his life will ſhow, in a ſtriking example, how a man, by talents, induſtry, and integrity, may riſe from obſcurity to the firft eminence and conſequence in the world; but it brings his hiſtory no lower than the year 1757, and I underſland that ſince he ſent over the copy, which I have read, he has been able to make no additions to it. It is with a melancholy regret I think of his death; but to death we are all bound by the irreverſible order of nature, and in looking forward to it, there is comfort in being able to reflect—that we have not lived in vain, and that all the uſeful and virtuous ſhall meet in a better country beyond the grave.

"Dr. Franklin, in the laſt letter I received from him, after mentioning his age and infirmities, obſerves, that it has been kindly ordered by the Author of nature, that, as we draw nearer the concluſion of life, we are furniſhed with more helps to wean us from it, among which one of the ſtrongeſt is the loſs of dear friends. I was delighted with the account you gave in your letter of the honour ſhewn to his memory at Philadelphia, and by Congreſs; and yeſterday I received a high additional pleaſure, by being informed that the National Aſſembly of France had determined to go into mourning for him.—What a glorious ſcene is opened there! The annals of the world furniſh no parallel to it. One of the honours of our departed friend is, that he has contributed much to It.

"I am, with great reſpect,

⁠Your obliged and very

⁠humble ſervant,

⁠RICHARD PRICE"

CONTENTS.

  1. Life of Dr. Franklin, as written by himſelf
    Page⁠1-⁠94
  2. Continuation of his Life by Dr. Stuber
    95-149
  3. Extracts from his Will
    149-158
  4. On Early Marriages
    159
  5. On the Death of his Brother, Mr. John Franklin
    162
  6. To the late Doctor Mather of Boſton
    164
  7. The Whiſtle, a true Story; written to his Nephew
    167
  8. A Petition of the Left Hand
    169
  9. The handſome and deformed Leg
    171
  10. Converſation of a Company of Ephemeræ; with the Soliloquy of one advanced in Age
    174
  11. Morals of Cheſs
    177
  12. The Art of procuring pleaſant Dreams
    182
  13. Advice to a young Tradeſman
    188
  14. Neceſſary Hints to thoſe that would be rich
    191
  15. The Way to make Money plenty in every Man's Pocket
    193
  16. An economical Project
    195
  17. On modern Innovations in the Engliſh Language, and in Printing
    201
  18. An Account of the higheſt Court of Judicature in Pennſylvania, viz. the Court of the Preſs
    208
  19. Paper: a Poem
    213
  20. On the Art of ſwimming
    215
  21. New Mode of Bathing
    Page 219
  22. Obſervations on the generally prevailing Doctrines of Life and Death
    221
  23. Precautions to be uſed by thoſe who are about to undertake a Sea Voyage
    224
  24. On Luxury, Idleneſs, and Induſtry
    230
  25. On the Slave Trade
    236
  26. Obſervations on War
    240
  27. On the Impreſs of Seamen
    242,
  28. On the Criminal Laws, and the Practice of Privateering
    246
  29. Remarks concerning the Savages of North America
    255
  30. To Mr. Dubourg, concerning the Diſſentions between England and America
    264
  31. A Compariſon of the Conduct of the Ancient Jews, and of the Antifederaliſts in the United States of America
    266
  32. The Internal State of America: being a true Deſcription of the Intereſt and Policy of that vaſt Continent
    272
  33. Information to thoſe who would remove to America
    279
  34. Final Speech of Dr. Franklin in the late Federal Convention
    290
  35. Sketch of an Engliſh School
    293

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