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CAPITAL
A CRITIQUE OF POLITICAL ECONOMY
BY
KARL MARX
THE PROCESS OF CAPITALIST PRODUCTION
TRANSLATED FROM THE THIRD GERMAN EDITION BY SAMUEL MOORE AND EDWARD AVELING
EDITED BY
FREDERICK ENGELS
REVISED AND AMPLIFIED ACCORDING TO THE FOURTH GERMAN EDITION
BY ERNEST UNTERMANN
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bennet a. cerf · donald s. klopper
THE MODERN LIBRARY
NEW YORK
COPYRIGHT, 1906, BY CHARLES H. KERR & COMPANY
THE MODERN LIBRARY
IS PUBLISHED BY
RANDOM HOUSE, INC.
BENNET A. CERF · DONALD S. KLOPFER · ROBERT K. HAAS
Manufactured in the United States of America
Printed by Parkway Printing CompanyBound by H. Wolff
| CONTENTS. | ||
| Page | ||
| 7 | ||
| 11 | ||
| 16 | ||
| 27 | ||
| 32 | ||
| PART I. | ||
| commodities and money. | ||
| 41 | ||
Section 1.—The two Factors of a Commodity; Use Value and Value (the Substance of Value and the Magnitude of Value), | 41 | |
Section 2.—The Twofold Character of the Labour embodied in Commodities, | 48 | |
Section 3.—The Form of Value, or Exchange Value, | 54 | |
A. Elementary or Accidental form of Value, | 56 | |
1. The two Poles of the Expression of Value: Relative Form and Equivalent Form, | 56 | |
The Relative Form of Value, | 57 | |
(a.) The Nature of Import of this Form, | 57 | |
(b.) Quantitative Determination of Relative Value, | 61 | |
3. The Equivalent Form of Value, | 64 | |
4. The Elementary Form of Value considered as a Whole, | 69 | |
B. Total or Expanded Form of Value, | 72 | |
1. The Expanded Relative Form of Value, | 72 | |
2. The Particular Equivalent Form, | 73 | |
3. Defects of the Total or Expanded Form of Value, | 74 | |
C. The General Form of Value, | 75 | |
1. The altered Character of the Form of Value, | 75 | |
2. The interdependent Development of the Relative Form of Value and of the Equivalent Form, | 78 | |
3. Transition from the General Form to the Money Form, | 79 | |
D. The Money Form, | 80 | |
Section 4.—The Fetishism of Commodities and the Secret thereof, | 81 | |
| 96 | ||
| 106 | ||
Section 1.—The Measure of Value, | 106 | |
Section 2.—The Medium of Circulation, | 116 | |
a. The Metamorphosis of Commodities, | 116 | |
b. The Currency of Money, | 128 | |
c. Coin, and Symbols of Value, | 140 | |
Section 3.—Money, | 146 | |
a. Hoarding, | 146 | |
b. Means of Payment, | 151 | |
c. Universal Money, | 159 | |
| PART II. | ||
| the transformation of money into capital. | ||
| 163 | ||
| 173 | ||
| 185 | ||
| PART III. | ||
| the production of absolute surplus-value. | ||
| 197 | ||
Section 1.—The Labour Process or the Production of Use-Value, | 197 | |
Section 2.—The Production of Surplus-Value, | 207 | |
| 221 | ||
| 235 | ||
Section 1.—The Degree of Exploitation of Labour-Power, | 235 | |
Section 2.—The Representation of the Components of the Value of the Product by corresponding proportional Parts of the Product itself, | 244 | |
Section 3.—Senior's "Last Hour", | 248 | |
Section 4.—Surplus-Produce, | 254 | |
| 255 | ||
Section 1.—The Limits of the Working-Day, | 255 | |
Section 2.—The Greed for Surplus-Labour. Manufacturer and Boyard, | 259 | |
Section 3.—Branches of English Industry without Legal Limits to Exploitation, | 268 | |
Section 4.—Day and Night Work. The Relay System, | 282 | |
Section 5.—The Struggle for a Normal Working-Day. Compulsory Laws for the Extension of the Working-Day from the Middle of the 14th to the End of the 17th Century, | 290 | |
Section 6.—The Struggle for a Normal Working-Day. Compulsory Limitation by Law of the Working-Time. The English Factory Acts, 1833 to 1864, | 304 | |
Section 7.—The Struggle for a Normal Working-Day. Re-action of the English Factory Acts on Other Countries, | 326 | |
| 331 | ||
| PART IV. | ||
| production of relative surplus-value. | ||
| 342 | ||
| 353 | ||
| 368 | ||
Section 1.—Twofold Origin of Manufacture, | 368 | |
Section 2.—The Detail Labourer and his Implements, | 372 | |
Section 3.—The two Fundamental Forms of Manufacture: Heterogeneous Manufacture, Serial Manufacture, | 375 | |
Section 4.—Division of Labour in Manufacture, and Division of Labour in Society, | 385 | |
Section 5.—The Capitalistic Character of Manufacture, | 395 | |
| 405 | ||
Section 1.—The Development of Machinery, | 405 | |
Section 2.—The Value transferred by Machinery to the Product, | 422 | |
Section 3.—The Proximate Effects of Machinery on the Workman, | 430 | |
a. Apppropriation of Supplementary Labour-Power by Capital. The Employment of Women and Children, | 431 | |
b. Prolongation of the Working-Day, | 440 | |
c. Intensification of Labour, | 447 | |
Section 4.—The Factory, | 457 | |
Section 5.—The Strife between Workman and Machinery, | 466 | |
Section 6.—The Theory of Compensation as regards the Workpeople displaced by Machinery, | 478 | |
Section 7.—Repulsion and Attraction of Workpeople by the Factory System Crises of the Cotton Trade, | 488 | |
Section 8.—Revolution effected in Manufacture, Handicrafts, and Domestic Industry by Modern Industry, | 502 | |
a. Overthrow of Co-Operation based on Handicraft and on Division of Labour, | 502 | |
b. Re-action of the Factory System on Manufacture and Domestic Industries, | 504 | |
c. Modern Manufacture, | 506 | |
d. Modern Domestic Industry, | 509 | |
e. Passage of Modern Manufacture and Domestic Industry into Modern Mechanical Industry. The Hastening of this Revolution by the Application of the Factory Acts to those Industries, | 514 | |
Section 9.—The Factory Acts. Sanitary and Educational Clauses of the same. Their general Extension in England, | 525 | |
Section 10.—Modern Industry and Agriculture, | 553 | |
| PART V. | ||
| the production of absolute and relative surplus-value. | ||
| 557 | ||
| 568 | ||
I. Length of the Working Day and Intensity of Labour constant. Productiveness of Labour variable, | 569 | |
II. Working Day constant. Productiveness of Labour constant. Intensity of Labor variable, | 574 | |
III. Productiveness and Intensity of Labour constant. Length of the Working Day variable | 576 | |
IV. Simultaneous Variations in the Duration, Productiveness and Intensity of Labour, | 578 | |
(1.) Diminishing Productiveness of Labour with a simultaneous Lengthening of the Working Day, | 578 | |
(2.) Increasing Intensity and Productiveness of Labour with simultaneous Shortening of the Working Day, | 580 | |
| 582 | ||
| PART VI. | ||
| wages. | ||
| 586 | ||
| 594 | ||
| 602 | ||
| 611 | ||
| PART VII. | ||
| the accumulation of capital. | ||
| 619 | ||
| 634 | ||
Section 1.—Capitalist Production on a progressively increasing Scale. Transition of the Laws of Property that characterise Production of Commodities into Laws of Capitalist Appropriation, | 634 | |
Section 2.—Erroneous Conception, by Political Economy, of Reproduction on a progressively increasing Scale, | 644 | |
Section 3.—Separation of Surplus-Value into Capital and Revenue. The Abstinence Theory, | 648 | |
Section 4.—Circumstances that, independently of the proportional Division of Surplus-Value into Capital and Revenue, determine the Amount of Accumulation. Degree of Exploitation of Labour-Power. Productivity of Labour. Growing Difference in Amount between Capital employed and Capital consumed. Magnitude of Capital advanced, | 656 | |
Section 5.—The so-called Labour Fund, | 667 | |
| 671 | ||
Section 1.—The increased Demand for Labour-Power that accompanies Accumulation, the Composition of Capital remaining the same, | 671 | |
Section 2.—Relative Diminution of the Variable Part of Capital simultaneously with the Progress of Accumulation and of the Concentration that accompanies it, | 681 | |
Section 3.—Progressive Production of a Relative Surplus-Population, or Industrial Reserve Army, | 689 | |
Section 4.—Different Forms of the Relative Surplus-Population. The General Law of Capitalistic Accumulation, | 703 | |
Section 5.—Illustrations of the General Law of Capitalist Accumulation, | 711 | |
a. England from 1846 to 1866, | 711 | |
b. The badly paid Strata of the British Industrial Class, | 718 | |
c. The Nomad Population, | 728 | |
d. Effect of Crises on the best paid Part of the Worldng Class, | 733 | |
e. The British Agricultural Proletariat, | 739 | |
f. Ireland, | 767 | |
| PART VIII. | ||
| the so-called primitive accumulation. | ||
| 784 | ||
| 788 | ||
| 805 | ||
| 814 | ||
| 817 | ||
| 822 | ||
| 834 | ||
| 838 | ||
| 850 | ||
| 866 | ||
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1927.
The author died in 1956, so this work is also in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 60 years or less. This work may also be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.